Bitter Orange, Dominican

Citrus x aurantium L.

Chemotype: limonene-rich bitter orange type

freshdrycitrusylightly floralbitter

PLANT PART: citrus rind (peel)
EXTRACTION: cold pressed / expressed
AROMA NOTE: top

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LEARN AS YOU COMPARE

What’s inside this oil?

Constituents are the natural chemicals that give an oil its character. See the main ones, learn what they do, and explore differences between batches.

I’m interested in

Meet the main constituents, then select one to see what makes it interesting.

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FOLLOW YOUR SENSES

Aroma & character

A closer look at this oil's scent, strength, and staying power.

freshdrycitrusylightly floralbitter

Aroma intensity: 50 / 100

Soft & subtleBold & expressive

Note layer: top

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A LITTLE CARE GOES A LONG WAY

Using it thoughtfully

Read the full safety context before bringing this oil into your routine.

Cited dermal maximum · leave-on: 1.25%
Phototoxicity: Phototoxic — use caution
Maximum for sun-exposed skin: 1.25%
Oxidation risk: high

A cited maximum is a limit, not a suggested dilution. Missing restrictions do not establish safety.

Expressed bitter orange peel oil is phototoxic. The public IFRA standard states a 1.25% skin-contact restriction where furocoumarin level is unknown.

Contraindications & cautions

moderateExpressed bitter orange peel oil should be kept at or below 1.25% in leave-on products on UV-exposed skin because of phototoxicity.

Read the complete safety guide

Explore measured chemistry from supplier batches

A supplier report describes a particular sample. Open this workspace to investigate measured constituents and their original documents.

THE SCIENCE BEHIND THE SCENT

Inside the oil

10 constituents

An oil's character comes from its natural chemical composition. Explore each constituent to understand the connections.

About this composition

This profile is anchored to a commercial bitter orange essential oil sample of declared Dominican Republic origin in Deterre et al. The paper reports marker-level percentages for the Dominican sample and shows a limonene-dominant peel oil with unusually prominent aldehydic and floral minors relative to other bitter orange origins. Plant part and extraction method are corroborated by a Dominican supplier description for bitter orange peel oil.

Constituent	Typical amount	Reported range	Chemical family	Source
Limonene	94.01%	94.01–94.01%	monoterpene hydrocarbon	View source Classification of commercial bitter orange essential oils (Citrus aurantium L.), based on a combination of chemical and sensory analyses of specific odor markers https://scispace.com/pdf/classification-of-commercial-bitter-orange-essential-oils-3nny6h9r69.pdf (Table 1 sample G = Dominican Republic; Table 2 limonene 94.01%)
Myrcene	1.82%	1.82–1.82%	monoterpene hydrocarbon	View source Classification of commercial bitter orange essential oils (Citrus aurantium L.), based on a combination of chemical and sensory analyses of specific odor markers https://scispace.com/pdf/classification-of-commercial-bitter-orange-essential-oils-3nny6h9r69.pdf (Table 2 sample G myrcene 1.82%)
alpha-Pinene	0.54%	0.54–0.54%	monoterpene hydrocarbon	View source Classification of commercial bitter orange essential oils (Citrus aurantium L.), based on a combination of chemical and sensory analyses of specific odor markers https://scispace.com/pdf/classification-of-commercial-bitter-orange-essential-oils-3nny6h9r69.pdf (Table 2 sample G alpha-pinene 0.54%)
beta-Pinene	0.5%	0.5–0.5%	monoterpene hydrocarbon	View source Classification of commercial bitter orange essential oils (Citrus aurantium L.), based on a combination of chemical and sensory analyses of specific odor markers https://scispace.com/pdf/classification-of-commercial-bitter-orange-essential-oils-3nny6h9r69.pdf (Table 2 sample G beta-pinene 0.50%)
Decanal	0.35%	0.35–0.35%	aliphatic aldehyde	View source Classification of commercial bitter orange essential oils (Citrus aurantium L.), based on a combination of chemical and sensory analyses of specific odor markers https://scispace.com/pdf/classification-of-commercial-bitter-orange-essential-oils-3nny6h9r69.pdf (Table 2 sample G decanal 0.35%)
Linalool	0.24%	0.24–0.24%	monoterpene alcohol	View source Classification of commercial bitter orange essential oils (Citrus aurantium L.), based on a combination of chemical and sensory analyses of specific odor markers https://scispace.com/pdf/classification-of-commercial-bitter-orange-essential-oils-3nny6h9r69.pdf (Table 2 sample G linalool 0.24%)
Linalyl acetate	0.3%	0.3–0.3%	monoterpene ester	View source Classification of commercial bitter orange essential oils (Citrus aurantium L.), based on a combination of chemical and sensory analyses of specific odor markers https://scispace.com/pdf/classification-of-commercial-bitter-orange-essential-oils-3nny6h9r69.pdf (Table 2 sample G linalyl acetate 0.30%)
Geranial	0.12%	0.12–0.12%	aliphatic aldehyde	View source Classification of commercial bitter orange essential oils (Citrus aurantium L.), based on a combination of chemical and sensory analyses of specific odor markers https://scispace.com/pdf/classification-of-commercial-bitter-orange-essential-oils-3nny6h9r69.pdf (Table 2 sample G geranial 0.12%)
Neral	0.06%	0.06–0.06%	aliphatic aldehyde	View source Classification of commercial bitter orange essential oils (Citrus aurantium L.), based on a combination of chemical and sensory analyses of specific odor markers https://scispace.com/pdf/classification-of-commercial-bitter-orange-essential-oils-3nny6h9r69.pdf (Table 2 sample G neral 0.06%)
Geranyl acetate	0.12%	0.12–0.12%	monoterpene ester	View source Classification of commercial bitter orange essential oils (Citrus aurantium L.), based on a combination of chemical and sensory analyses of specific odor markers https://scispace.com/pdf/classification-of-commercial-bitter-orange-essential-oils-3nny6h9r69.pdf (Table 2 sample G geranyl acetate 0.12%)

Profile source: Classification of commercial bitter orange essential oils (Citrus aurantium L.), based on a combination of chemical and sensory analyses of specific odor markers; Bitter Orange Essential Oil; Bitter Orange Essential Oil: Benefits, Uses & Insights; Amendment 49 IFRA Standard Bitter orange peel oil expressed · https://scispace.com/pdf/classification-of-commercial-bitter-orange-essential-oils-3nny6h9r69.pdf ; https://www.aftelier.com/Bitter-Orange-Essential-Oil-p/bot-eo-bitterorange.htm ; https://www.aromaweb.com/essential-oils/bitter-orange-essential-oil.php ; https://d3t14p1xronwr0.cloudfront.net/docs/standards/IFRA_STD_088.pdf

A TRADITION OF BOTANICAL CURIOSITY

Traditional & reported uses

These uses reflect the profile's reported traditions and literature. They are not established treatment recommendations.

traditionally used in aromatherapy for uplifting, mood-brightening citrus effects
reported to support relaxation and ease occasional tension
used in perfumery as a bright, tangy-sweet citrus top note in colognes and eau de cologne blends
traditionally associated with comforting, cheerful blends
used in blends intended to promote calm alertness

For aromatherapy and wellness use only — not medical advice. Effect statements are traditional/reported associations, not treatment claims. The Synergy Rating scores blend craft, harmony and safety, not medical efficacy. Read the safety framework.

What we're still learning · 2 data gaps

Good decisions start with knowing what is — and isn't — in the evidence.

No public Dominican Republic GC source found in this pass reported volatility rate or tenacity hours as measured values.
Public Dominican-origin sources located in this pass did not provide a directly published 0-100 odor intensity value; the archive's 50 score normalizes AromaWeb's generic bitter orange 'Medium' aroma strength for expressed peel oil.